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Breathing Exercises: Types, Techniques and Benefits

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Breathing Exercises: Exercises for the lungs also referred to as breathing exercises , are essential for improving lung function and promoting respiratory health. These exercises are intended to strengthen respiratory muscles, increase lung capacity, and enhance the body's ability to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide. These breathing techniques are frequently used in medical settings: Diaphragmatic Breathing Pursed lip Breathing Segmental Breathing Diaphragmatic Breathing: The diaphragm , a dome-shaped muscle situated below the lungs, is used actively during diaphragmatic breathing, also referred to as deep belly breathing or abdominal breathing . By fully contracting the diaphragm, this technique focuses on expanding the lower part of the lungs, enabling deeper and more effective inhalation and exhalation. Technique: Look for a quiet location where you can sit or lie down. You can close your eyes to improve relaxation and focus. Put one hand on your upper chest and the other on
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The peroneus muscles in the human body

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The peroneus muscles are consist of three muscles and it also called fibularis. Peroneus is derived from the Greek word for fibula, indicating the location of the peroneal muscles.

1.       Peroneus Tertius (fibularis Tertius)

2.       Peroneus brevis ( fibularis brevis)

3.       Peroneus longus (fibularis longus)



 

1.       Peroneus Tertius (fibularis Tertius)

Origin – anterior distal fibula(with extensor digitorum longus)

Insertion – the base of 5th metatarsal

Nerve supply – deep peroneal nerve(l4,5,s1)

Action – eversion of the foot, assist dorsiflexion

Palpation – tendon palpated lateral to extensor digitorum longus tendon on dorsum of foot at base of 5th metatarsal.

This muscle functions to place the foot flat on the ground by raising the lateral border.

2.     

  Peroneus brevis (fibularis brevis)

Origin – lateral shaft of the fibula (lower 2/3)

Insertion – the base of 5th metatarsal

Nerve supply- superficial peroneal nerve (l4,5,s1)

Blood supply –

Action – eversion of the foot, assist plantar flexion of the ankle

Palpation- tendon palpated on the lateral dorsum of the foot where it inserts on the tuberosity at the proximal end of 5th metatarsal. It is closest to the malleolus and stands out more than the peroneus longus tendon

The action of the foot evertors is especially helpful when walking or running on an uneven surface. Sometimes the muscles “give out and a the sprained ligament can result.

 

3.       Peroneus longus (fibularis longus)

Origin – head and lateral shaft of the fibula (upper 2/3) 

Insertion  - the base of 1st metatarsal and 1st cuneiform

Nerve supply – superficial peroneal nerve (l4,5,s1)

Action – eversion of the foot, assist plantar flexion of the ankle 

Palpation – lateral surface of proximal half od lower leg tendon palpated just above and behind lateral malleolus, slightly posterior to peroneus brevis tendon.

Peroneus longus traverses the sole of the foot to meet the tibialis anterior tendon tp form a stirrup for the foot.

 

 

 

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